Russia's war on Ukraine. 19.08.25
Operational situation
On the Northern Slobozhansky direction, Russian troops tried to advance in Yunakivka, attacked near Novokostyantynivka, Oleksiivka, Varachyne.
Ukrainian Defense Forces counterattacked near Novokostyantynivka, Oleksiivka, Stepove, in Yunakivka and near Varachyne.
On the Southern Slobozhansky direction, Russian troops tried to advance on the southern bank of the Vovcha River in Vovchansk and west of Synelnykove, attacked near Vovchansk, Vovchanski Khutory and Synelnykove, Ambarne, in the direction of Khatnie, Odradne.
On the Kupyansk direction, Russian troops attacked near Kupyansk, Sobolivka, Kindrashivka, Holubivka, Zakhidne, Kamyanka, Petropavlivka, Stepova Novoselivka, Zahryzove, Nova Kruhlyakivka, Hrekivka.
On the Lyman direction, advanced units of the enemy's 67th Motorized Rifle Division of the 25th Combined Arms Army advanced southeast of Torske in the Serebriansk forest. Attacks by assault groups of the 3rd Motorized Rifle Division of the 20th Combined Arms Army in the Hrekivka–Druzhelyubivka direction are still unsuccessful. The enemy advanced on the southwestern outskirts of Ridkodub. Russian troops attacked near Serednie, Shandryholove, Karpivka, Kolodyazi, Myrne, Torske, Yampil, in the Serebriansk forest area, in the direction of Korovyi Yar, Drobysheve.
Ukrainian Defense Forces units eliminated several enemy assault groups on the right bank of the Chornyi Zherebets River, which managed to cross the river, in the Zarichne area. Ukrainian units successfully repel attacks by assault groups of the 144th Motorized Rifle Division of the 20th Combined Arms Army in the Karpivka area, along the Nitrius River and north of Ridkodub.
On the Siversk direction, Russian troops tried to advance south of Novoselivka, attacked near Serebrianka, Hryhorivka, Verkhnyokamianske, Vyimka, Ivano-Dariivka, Fedorivka. Advanced units of the 123rd Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade captured Ivano-Dariivka, but their further attempts to advance along the northern bank of the Sukha Plotva River were unsuccessful. The enemy also had no success in the Verkhnyokamianske–Siversk direction and in the Hryhorivka and Vyimka areas. The enemy's 3rd Combined Arms Army is unable to break deep into the defense of the 11th Army Corps of the Defense Forces and is therefore forced to conduct an offensive to eliminate the Siversk bridgehead, literally pushing Ukrainian units out of their positions in certain areas. Units of the 6th, 123rd, and 127th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigades of the 3rd Combined Arms Army, despite a significant advantage in manpower, are forced to actively use infiltration tactics to advance.
On the Kramatorsk direction, advanced units of the 72nd Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 3rd Army Corps, supported by the 1307th Motorized Rifle Regiment, advanced in the directions of Klishchiivka–Predtechyne and Andriivka–Bila Hora, and reached the "Siverskyi Donets – Donbas" canal.
Advanced units of the 19th Army Corps of Ukrainian Defense Forces deliberately withdrew from their positions behind the canal due to an obvious flanking threat from the south, where the 4th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 3rd Combined Arms Army advanced to Dyliivka and started fighting for Bila Hora. Enemy attacks in the Chasiv Yar area and north of it in the directions of Kalynivka–Virolyubivka and Chasiv Yar–Mayske did not yield results. Having occupied several forest belts north of the city, the enemy stubbornly attacks in the Mayske direction but cannot break through to the village. Attacks on Virolyubivka are also unsuccessful for the enemy.
On the Toretsk direction, Russian troops attacked near Toretsk, Oleksandro-Shultyne, Shcherbynivka, Poltavka, Rusyn Yar, Stepanivka, in the direction of Pleshchiivka, Nelipivka.
The 4th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 3rd Combined Arms Army attacks in the Dyliivka–Oleksandro-Shultyne direction and tries to break through and entrench in Bila Hora. Assault groups of the 4th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade advanced in the northeastern direction to the Bila Hora–Kurdyumivka road and to the Naumikha River but cannot break through to the village.
South of the Kleban-Byk reservoir, the 103rd Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 150th Motorized Rifle Division of the 8th Combined Arms Army and the 1465th Motorized Rifle Regiment, with attacks from the south, are trying to capture Katerynivka. Several small groups of enemy infantry have infiltrated the northern part of Shcherbynivka, waiting for the main forces to break through to them from the south, or from the direction of Novoshpa, or from the direction of Toretsk.
The 20th Motorized Rifle Division of the 8th Combined Arms Army is fighting in the Yablunivka area, where it advanced on the northern outskirts, and in Oleksandro-Kalynove. Its units captured Yablunivka, reached the Bychok River, but cannot entrench on the H20 road and completely bypass the reservoir from the northwest.
Ukrainian Defense Forces counterattacked near Katerynivka.
On the Pokrovsk direction, Russian troops tried to advance to the outskirts of Kotlyne, Rodynske, Bilytske, Molodetske; enemy assault groups advanced northeast to Chervonyi Lyman, but Ukrainian Defense Forces pushed them out of the town. The occupiers attacked near Pokrovsk, Rodynske, Vilne, Ivanivka, Chervonyi Lyman, Nove Shakhove, Zapovidne, Novoekonomichne, Fedorivka, Dorizhne, Maiak, Volodymyrivka, Promin, Myroliubivka, Lysivka, Sukhyi Yar, Novopavlivka, Novoukrainka, Chunyshyne, Zvirove, Kotlyne, Udachne, in the direction of Balahan, Molodetske.
The 20th Motorized Rifle Division of the 8th Combined Arms Army advances in the Novoolenivka–Rusyn Yar direction; the 150th Motorized Rifle Division, with a part of its forces, tries to bypass Volodymyrivka from the east. The 15th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 2nd Combined Arms Army continues to attack in the Udachne area, trying to break through north between it and Molodetske. On the southwestern outskirts of Pokrovsk, the 1437th Motorized Rifle Regiment is fighting to hold its assault groups in Zvirove. The 9th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 51st Combined Arms Army assaults Rodynske and Chervonyi Lyman.
Assault units of the 5th, 110th, and 132nd Separate Motorized Rifle Brigades of the 51st Combined Arms Army north of the Suvorove–Novotoretske line try to hold the positions they captured earlier, which they cannot consolidate. Only in Kucheriv Yar are several dozen enemy servicemen surrounded, who broke through there earlier from the south. Between Nove Shakhove and Shakhove, the enemy holds a section up to 2.5 km wide; the rest of the territory has been cleared of the enemy. Ukrainian Defense Forces liberated Zapovidne and Dorizhne, operating mainly on the western flank they successively pushed back the enemy's assault groups from the Dobropillya–Kramatorsk road, pushed the enemy out of Vesele and from positions near Hruzke, attacked the enemy's wedge area in the Ivanivka–Zapovidne direction, liberated the latter and pushed the enemy out of Zolotyi Kolodyaz, and started fighting for Maiak. In the Rusyn Yar area, Ukrainian Defense Forces pushed the enemy back to the south, but in the Volodymyrivka area the enemy managed to break through to the Novyi pond east of the village.
On the Novopavlivka direction, Russian troops attacked Novopavlivka, Dachne, Filiya, Tovste, Zirka, Zelenyi Hai, Hrushivske, Oleksandrohrad, Voskresenka, Vilne Pole, Maliivka, Komyshuvakha. Assault groups of the 36th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade and the 430th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 29th Combined Arms Army broke through from the direction of Zelenyi Hai to the village of Iskra, but after counterattacks by Ukrainian Defense Forces they were either destroyed or retreated. Advanced units of the 36th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade have entrenched northeast of Iskra. The 114th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 127th Motorized Rifle Division and the 69th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade advanced toward Komyshuvakha from the direction of Vilne Pole. The 37th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade and the 336th Separate Marines Brigade bypassed Maliivka from the north and south and with fighting are breaking through from Shevchenkove to Sichneve.
Ukrainian Defense Forces hold the Zaporizhzhia–Novoyehorivka line, but the enemy managed to get a foothold east of Zaporizhzhia.
On the Huliaypole direction, Russian troops attacked near Temyrivka.
On the Orikhiv direction, Russian troops attacked near Mala Tokmachka, Nesteryanka, Novoandriivka, Stepnohirsk, Kamyanka and Plavni.
On the Prydniprovske direction, Russian troops attacked near the Antonivskyi road bridge, Bilohrudyi Island, and near Dniprovske. The enemy actively strikes areas northeast of the city of Kherson and near Antonivka with aviation and drones, trying to prepare a bridgehead on the western bank of Kherson Oblast, and actively demines riverside areas.
General conclusion:
On the Lyman direction, Russian troops could not achieve significant success, suffered heavy losses and are increasing their use of small group infiltration tactics. The enemy's assault groups try to bypass Ukrainian positions and penetrate the rear. The enemy is increasing the use of drones, deploying “Molniya” strike drones along the front line.
On the Siversk direction, the enemy's 3rd Combined Arms Army has begun to intensify its actions on the southern flank of the Siversk salient.
On the Pokrovsk direction, Russian troops have accumulated and use a huge number of drones, constantly changing tactics and attacking alternately from different flanks, trying to force the commanders of Ukrainian Defense Forces to commit reserves.
On the outskirts of and in Rodynske, fighting continues, but north of the village, Ukrainian Defense Forces managed to push the enemy out of its positions and clear the area near the Pokrovsk–Dobropillya road and the area between Rodynske and Biletske. The command of the enemy's 51st Combined Arms Army will be forced to return to its main plan and focus on the offensive in the Rodynske area and continue the capture of the Pokrovsk-Myrnohrad agglomeration.
Russian troops try to develop their tactical success near Dobropillya into a wider operational breakthrough. In the Dobropillya area, the command of the enemy's 8th Combined Arms Army seeks to assist the 51st Combined Arms Army, which is forced to fight fierce battles to hold a fairly narrow salient of its wedge north between Nykanorivka, which Ukrainian Defense Forces have already liberated, and Novotoretske by creating a flanking threat to the Ukrainian units that squeeze the wedge area in the area of Shakhove, Pankivka and Volodymyrivka. Ukrainian Defense Forces narrow this area faster than the advanced units of the 150th Motorized Rifle Division advance around Volodymyrivka. Over the past three days in this area, Defense Forces units, attacking from the direction of Ivanivka and Biletske, successively recapture Dorizhne and Zapovidne, and push back to the east the enemy's assault groups that had infiltrated the road between Biletske and Rodynske.
The enemy's 5th Combined Arms Army command is tasked with reaching the Ternove–Komyshuvakha line from the south. The 127th Motorized Rifle Division of the 5th Combined Arms Army and the 69th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 35th Combined Arms Army attack in the directions of Temyrivka–Zaporizke and Zelene Pole–Novoheorhiivka. The enemy slowly advances north to the junction of Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts.
On the Novopavlivka direction, the overall situation looks no less threatening for Ukrainian Defense Forces than in the Pokrovsk area. The enemy maintains a daily rate of advance of 4-5 km2, which exceeds the performance of the “Tsentr (Center)” Operational Grouping on the Pokrovsk direction. Ukrainian Defense Forces are not yet able to stop the enemy's advance.
On the Orikhiv direction, Russian troops use from 600 to 700 strike FPV drones daily, increase the use of artillery by 54% from 12,000 shells per month to 19,000, and continue to accumulate military equipment, not using tanks and armored combat vehicles.
Change in the line of contact (LoC):
There were 186 combat engagements on various fronts.
On the Northern Slobozhansky and Kursk directions, 7 combat engagements took place.
On the Southern Slobozhansky direction, the enemy assaulted the positions of Ukrainian Defense Forces 10 times in the areas of Vovchansk, Hlyboke, Kamyanka, and Ambarne.
On the Kupyansk direction, 10 attacks by the occupiers took place. Ukrainian Defense Forces repelled the enemy's assaults in the areas of Holubivka, Kupyansk, Petropavlivka, Moskovka, and Zahryzove.
On the Lyman direction, the enemy attacked 26 times, trying to advance in the areas of Ridkodub, Hrekivka, Dibrova, Karpivka, Myrne and in the direction of Stepove, Cherneshchyna, Drobysheve, Yampil.
On the Siversk direction, the enemy attacked 4 times in the areas of Hryhorivka, Serebrianka and Vyimka.
On the Kramatorsk direction, 4 combat engagements were recorded in the areas of Bila Hora and Chasiv Yar.
On the Toretsk direction, the enemy carried out 6 attacks in the areas of Poltavka, Rusyn Yar, Toretsk and in the direction of Berestok.
On the Pokrovsk direction, 67 assault and offensive actions of the aggressor were stopped in the areas of Dorizhne, Fedorivka, Zapovidne, Maiak, Rodynske, Novoekonomichne, Chervonyi Lyman, Promin, Pokrovsk, Zvirove, Kotlyne, Udachne, Molodetske, Novoukrainka, Chunyshyne, Volodymyrivka, Dachne, Lysivka and in the direction of Balahan.
On the Novopavlivka direction, the enemy attacked 29 times in the areas of Zirka, Vilne Pole, Voskresenka, Shevchenko, Novodarivka, Olhivske, Novopil, Zelene Pole, Maliivka, Shevchenko and in the direction of Oleksandrohrad and Komyshuvakha.
On the Orikhiv direction, 2 enemy attacks were repelled near Kamyanka and Novoandriivka.
On the Prydniprovske direction, 7 combat engagements took place; the enemy tried to advance in the direction of the Antonivskyi bridge, Dniprovske and in the area of Bilohrudyi Island.
Supporting operation:
Ukrainian Defense Forces carried out a drone air strike on the Nikolske oil pumping station in Tambov Oblast of the Russian Federation and the Volgograd Oil Refinery.
Changes in the enemy disposition:
The command of the enemy's “Sever (North)” Operational Grouping has moved the 177th Separate Marines Regiment, the 155th, and 40th Separate Marines Brigades to new areas outside the operational zone of the Operational Grouping; the 810th Separate Marines Brigade continues to operate on the Sumy direction.
The 3rd Motorized Rifle Division of the 20th Combined Arms Army operates near Druzhkivka and Hrekivka.
The 144th Motorized Rifle Division of the 20th Combined Arms Army operates near Karpivka and Ridkodub. The 236th Artillery Brigade of the 20th Combined Arms Army strikes Ukrainian troops near Rubtsi.
The 123rd Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 3rd Combined Arms Army operates near Ivano-Dariivka. The 6th, 123rd, and 127th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigades of the 3rd Combined Arms Army, reinforced by a Motorized Rifle Regiment of the Mobilization Reserve, try to use infiltration tactics to advance on the Siversk direction. The 85th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the army is advancing in the Soledar direction.
The 72nd Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade and the 1307th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 6th Motorized Rifle Division of the 3rd Army Corps operate southeast of Chasiv Yar near the "Siverskyi Donets – Donbas" canal. The 98th Airborne Division is advancing in Chasiv Yar, in the directions of Kalynivka–Virolyubivka and Mayske. The 238th Artillery Brigade of the 8th Combined Arms Army operates in the Kostyantynivka direction. The 1065th Artillery Regiment of the 98th Airborne Division operates west of Chasiv Yar.
The 4th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 3rd Combined Arms Army operates near Bila Hora. The 103rd Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 150th Motorized Rifle Division and the 1465th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 20th Motorized Rifle Division of the 8th Combined Arms Army operate near Katerynivka. The 27th Artillery Regiment of the 6th Motorized Rifle Division of the 3rd Army Corps strikes Ukrainian troops in the Kostyantynivka direction.
The 15th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 2nd Combined Arms Army operates near Udachne, the 1437th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 15th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade operates near Zvirove, the 9th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 51st Combined Arms Army operates near Rodynske and Chervonyi Lyman, the 35th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 41st Combined Arms Army strikes Ukrainian positions on the Pokrovsk direction.
The 36th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade and the 430th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 29th Combined Arms Army operate near Zelenyi Hai and Andriivka-Klevtsove.
The 70th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 42nd Motorized Rifle Division of the 58th Combined Arms Army operates near Mala Tokmachka, the 114th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 127th Motorized Rifle Division of the 5th Combined Arms Army, the 69th Separate Cover Brigade of the 35th Combined Arms Army and the 291st Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 42nd Motorized Rifle Division of the 58th Combined Arms Army are advancing on the Zaporizhzhia direction.
Possible operation situation developments:
According to the assessment of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Ukrainian Defense Ministry, the enemy will not be able to achieve the goal of the so-called special military operation to capture the entire Donetsk Oblast by the end of 2025. Provided current dynamics of combat operations are maintained, the enemy will be able to capture Pokrovsk by autumn, Kostyantynivka and Kupyansk by the end of the year, and reach the close approaches to Zaporizhzhia and the Sloviansk-Kramatorsk agglomeration by early winter.
The command of the enemy's “Sever (North)” Operational Grouping, in cooperation with the right flank of the “Zapad (West)” Operational Grouping, will expand its bridgehead northeast of Velykyi Burluk in the Southern Slobozhansky direction and will try to capture Khatnie.
On the Kupyansk direction, the command of the enemy's “Zapad (West)” Operational Grouping will try to envelop the entire Kupyansk defense area of the “Khortytsia” OSG as deeply as possible from the north. The enemy will consolidate on the northern outskirts of Kupyansk and will try to paralyze the logistics support of Ukrainian Defense Forces' units defending in the city itself and east of it. The enemy will break through from the north and northeast to the R-07 Kharkiv–Chuhuiv–Kupyansk highway, attacking in the directions of Radkivka–Kovalivka and Radkivka–Myrne.
On the Lyman direction, the 25th Combined Arms Army will try to completely eliminate the bridgehead of Ukrainian Defense Forces on the northern bank of the Siverskyi Donets river in the area of the Serebriansk Forest. The troops of the 3rd Army Corps of Ukrainian Defense Forces will soon be forced to leave their positions in the Serebriansk Forest and withdraw behind the Chornyi Zherebets river. Ukrainian units will withdraw towards Yampil and will try to stop the enemy along the Chornyi Zherebets river.
On the Siversk direction, the command of the enemy's "Yug (South)" Operational Grouping will attempt to eliminate the Siversk salient held by "Khortytsia" OSG and break through towards the Sloviansk – Kramatorsk agglomeration. The 3rd Combined Arms Army will try to break through to the northern bank of the Siverskyi Donets River between Yampil and Hryhorivka, and from the southeast – toward Siversk. In the near future, the enemy will try to capture Pereyizne and attack Zvanivka along the eastern bank of the Bakhmutka River, trying to break through to Siversk from the south.
On the Toretsk direction, the troops of the 19th Army Corps of Ukrainian Defense Forces will have to leave the Shcherbynivka-Novospaske-Katerynivka-Kleban Byk area, retreat south of the Kleban Byk reservoir, and try to stop the advance of the enemy's 3rd and 8th Combined Arms Armies on the Pleshchiivka – Oleksandro-Shultyne line and go on the defensive in the area of Dovha Balka – Illinivka – Berestok – Stepanivka.
Russian forces will attack in the direction of Oleksiyevo-Druzhkivka and Druzhkivka to cut the Н20 Kostyantynivka-Sloviansk highway and complicate the logistics of Ukrainian Defense Forces in Kostyantynivka, thereby facilitating the capture of the "fortress belt". Russian forces may also try to advance northwest of Chasiv Yar in the direction of Kramatorsk and Sloviansk, transferring part of the troops to attack along the E40 Bakhmut – Sloviansk highway for this purpose, thereby creating conditions for an assault on the "fortress belt" from the northeast.
On the Pokrovsk direction, the enemy will develop its success in the area northeast of the Pokrovsk-Myrnohrad agglomeration in the operational zone of the 51st Combined Arms Army. Russian forces will advance from the southwest and northeast in an effort to envelop Pokrovsk and disrupt the logistical routes of the 9th Army Corps of the Ukrainian Defense Forces. The 51st Combined Arms Army will continue to bypass the Pokrovsk-Myrnohrad agglomeration from the north and northeast and will try to advance as deeply as possible to Dobropillya, which will sharply worsen the prospects for the defense of not only Dobropillya and Pokrovsk, but also Druzhkivka and Kostyantynivka. The 2nd Combined Arms Army will then proceed to assault Pokrovsk from the south and southwest.
On the Novopavlivka direction, the command of the enemy's “Vostok (East)” Operational Grouping in the operational zones of the 36th and 29th Combined Arms Armies will try to capture the area between the Vovcha and Mokri Yaly rivers and Vorona and Vovcha rivers and reach the borders of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in the Ivanivka-Temyrivka section.
Russian operational losses from 23.02.22 to 19.08.25
Personnel - almost 1,071 780 (+890);
Tanks – 11,118 (0);
Armored combat vehicles ‒ 23,148 (0);
Artillery systems – 31,698 (+66);
Multiple rocket launchers (MLRS) – 1,470 (+1);
Anti-aircraft warfare systems – 1208 (0);
Vehicles and fuel tanks – 59,060 (+123);
Aircraft - 422 (0);
Helicopters – 340 (0);
UAV operational and tactical level – 51,894 (+209);
Intercepted cruise and other missiles – 3,558 (0);
Boats/ships – 29 (0).
Humanitarian + general:
On the night of August 19, the Russian forces launched a massive air attack against Ukraine, using 280 means of destruction, including 270 Shahed-type attack drones and decoy drones, five Iskander-M ballistic missiles, and five Kh-101 cruise missiles. Ukrainian air defense forces managed to destroy or suppress 236 targets, including 230 drones, two ballistic missiles, and four cruise missiles. However, four missiles and 40 drones hit 16 targets, and debris fell in three locations.
On the night of August 19, Russian troops carried out a massive strike on Poltava Oblast. Hits and falling debris were recorded in the Kremenchuk and Lubny districts. Administrative buildings of local energy companies were damaged, leaving over 1,500 households and legal entitites in the Lubny district without electricity. Unexploded cluster munitions from Russian missiles have been found in Kremenchuk.
The Ministry of Energy reported that on the night of August 19, 2025, Russian troops struck energy infrastructure facilities in Poltava Oblast with cruise missiles and attack drones. The attack caused large-scale fires. The last strikes on oil refining infrastructure in the region were recorded on June 15 and 21 of this year.
On the night of August 19, Russian troops attacked Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, wounding a man, destroying a greenhouse and an outbuilding, and damaging residential buildings, cars, and an educational institution. In the Nikopol district, Nikopol and the Marhanets and Pokrovsk communities were hit by FPV drones and artillery.
In the Lozova community in Kharkiv Oblast, a night strike by Russians on a private residential building injured four people—two adults and two children aged two and eight.
On the morning of August 19, Russian troops attacked Nizhyn, Chernihiv Oblast, with attack drones. A 45-year-old man was killed. The drones also damaged infrastructure. Some villages experienced power supply problems.
On Tuesday, Russian troops shelled Nikopol in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast with artillery, killing a local woman and getting another resident hospitalized. The attack damaged a five-story residential building.
The Russian military struck Sloviansk in Donetsk Oblast late on the evening of August 18, while multilateral talks on ending the war between the Russian Federation and Ukraine were ongoing in Washington. At least one man was killed, and an employee of a nearby gas station was wounded.
Late Monday evening, an enemy drone hit a residential building in the Pishchanskyi village district of the Sumy community. The strike caused the house to catch fire, and there are preliminary reports of casualties.
1,000 bodies were returned to Ukraine, which, according to the Russian side, belong to Ukrainian servicemen. Among them were the bodies of five servicemen who died in captivity, despite being on the "severely wounded and seriously ill" exchange lists agreed upon in Istanbul during the second round of negotiations.